Measuring Heart Rate During Exercise: From Artery Palpation to Monitors and Apps

The use of technology has increased tremendously, by means of more reliable, smaller, more accessible and specially more user-friendly devices, which provide a wider range of features, and promote significant benefits for the population and health professionals. It is in this context that monitors and apps for heart rate (HR) measurement have emerged. HR is a clinical vital sign of diagnostic and prognostic importance. In response to body movement, HR tends to increase, in a direct relationship with the intensity of exercise. HR was primarily measured by the count of arterial pulse, and recently, HR can be precisely measured by monitors, bracelets and smartphone apps capable to perform real-time measurements and storage of data. This paper aimed to make a brief and updated review on the theme, providing a broader view of advantages and limitations of these resources for HR measurement in exercise. HR monitors and apps use basically two types of technology, optical sensor (photoplethysmography) and electrical signal from the heart. In general, these devices have shown good accuracy in measuring HR and HR variability at rest, but there are differences between brands and models considering the type, mode and intensity of exercise. HR measurements by monitors and smartphone apps are simple, accessible and may help cardiologists in the monitoring of the intensity of aerobic exercise, focusing on health promotion and on primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Correlation between maximum voluntary contraction and endurance measured by digital palpation and manometry: An observational study / Correlação entre contração voluntária máxima e endurance avaliados por palpação digital e manometria: um estudo observacional

Summary Introduction: Digital palpation and manometry are methods that can provide information regarding maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and endurance of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM), and a strong correlation between these variables can be expected. Objective: To investigate the correlation between MVC and endurance, measured by digital palpation and manometry. Method: Forty-two women, with mean age of 58.1 years (±10.2), and predominant symptoms of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), were included. Examination was firstly conducted by digital palpation and subsequently using a Peritron manometer. MVC was measured using a 0-5 score, based on the Oxford Grading Scale. Endurance was assessed based on the PERFECT scheme. Results: We found a significant positive correlation between the MVC measured by digital palpation and the peak manometric pressure (r=0.579, p<0.001), and between the measurements of the endurance by Peritron manometer and the PERFECT assessment scheme (r=0.559, P<0.001). Conclusion: Our results revealed a positive and significant correlation between the capacity and maintenance of PFM contraction using digital and manometer evaluations in women with predominant symptoms of SUI.

Resumo Introdução: a palpação digital e a manometria são métodos capazes de fornecer informações sobre contração voluntária máxima (CVM) e endurance da musculatura do assoalho pélvico (MAP), e pode-se esperar uma forte correlação entre essas variáveis. Objetivo: investigar a correlação entre CVM e endurance, avaliados por palpação digital e manometria. Método: incluíram-se 42 mulheres, com idade média de 58,1 anos (±10,2) e sintomas predominantes de incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE). Realizou-se primeiramente o exame digital, seguido pela manometria (Peritron®). Mensuraram-se a CVM de acordo com a escala de Oxford (0-5 pontos) e o endurance pelo esquema PERFECT. Resultados: encontrou-se correlação positiva entre CVM mensurada por palpação digital e pressão manométrica de pico (r=0,579; p<0,001), e entre as medições do endurance avaliado pelo Peritron e o esquema PERFECT (r=0,559; p<0,001). Conclusão: os resultados revelaram correlação positiva e significativa entre a capacidade e a manutenção de contração dos MAP por meio das avaliações digital e manométrica em mulheres com IUE.

Tumores retroperitoneales en la infancia / Retroperitoneal tumors in childhood

INTRODUCCIÓN: los tumores retroperitoneales se presentan con baja incidencia en la infancia, pero tienen muy alta letalidad. Aunque estos se clasifican en primarios y secundarios, y dependen en gran medida del tejido de origen, su forma quística o sólida, o su benignidad o malignidad en Pediatría, se presentan desde la etapa de recién nacido. OBJETIVO: determinar la incidencia de los tumores retroperitoneales en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Centro Habana, entre el 1º de enero de 2000 y el 31 de diciembre de 2012. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo de los 77 pacientes tratados en el centro con diagnóstico de tumores del retroperitoneo, entre el 1º de enero de 2000 y el 31 de diciembre de 2012. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, síntomas y signos, tipo de tumor y tratamiento. RESULTADOS: el 57 % era del sexo femenino, el 60 % tenía entre 0 y 5 años, el nefroblastoma se presentó en 50 %. El motivo de consulta fue dolor abdominal y fiebre (40 %), y el tumor fue palpable en el 80 %. La cirugía realizada fue resección total a todos los casos. Se constataron 39 nefroblastomas, 24 neuroblastomas y 6 carcinomas de células renales, entre otros. El neuroblastoma fue más frecuente en varones, y el nefroblastoma en hembras. En menores de 5 años fueron el nefroblastoma y el neuroblastoma. CONCLUSIONES: la ecografía abdominal detectó el tumor en todos los casos, por lo que es el examen de elección en la primera etapa de estudio. La rápida progresión de los tumores malignos en Pediatría, obliga a considerar la palpación de una masa abdominal como una urgencia pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: the incidence of retroperitoneal tumors is low at childhood, but the fatality rate is very high. Although these tumors are classified into primary and secondary depending greatly on the tissue of origin, their cystic or solid form, benignancy or malignancy in pediatrics occurs since the neonatal phase. OBJECTIVE: to determine the incidence of retroperitoneal tumors in the university pediatric hospital of Centro Habana from January 2000 through December 2012. METHODS: a retrospective longitudinal and descriptive study of 77 patients who were treated at this center and diagnosed as retroperitoneal tumors from January 2000 through December 31st, 2012. The analysis variables were age, sex, symptoms and signs, type of tumor and treatment. RESULTS: in this group, 57 % were females, 60 % aged 0 to 5 years, and nephroblastoma was present in 50 % of cases. The reason for going to the doctor's was abdominal pain and fever (40 %) and the tumor was palpable in 80 %. Total resection was the elected surgery in all the cases. There were confirmed 39 nephroblastomas, 24 neuroblastomas and 6 renal cell carcinomas, among others. Neuroblastoma was the most frequent in boys whereas nephroblastoma was common in girls. In children aged under 5 years, nephroblastoma affected boys more and neuroblastoma was frequent in girls. CONCLUSIONS: nephroblastoma (39 cases) followed by neuroblastoma (24 cases) were the most common retroperitoneal tumors found at the university pediatric hospital of Centro Habana in the period of 2000 through 2012. Abdominal echography detected tumors in all the cases, so this is the test of choice in the first stage of the study. The rapid progression of malignant tumors in pediatrics leads to considering palpated abdominal mass as an emergency in pediatrics.

The Efficacy of Carotid Tubercle as an Anatomical Landmark for Identification of Cervical Spinal Level in the Anterior Cervical Surgery: Comparison with Preoperative C-arm Fluoroscopy

BACKGROUND: In cervical anterior approach, transverse skin incision is preferred due to cosmetic reasons. Precise skin incision is required to reach the surgery segment while minimizing soft tissue injury. Skin incision site is frequently identified using C-arm fluoroscopy or the carotid tubercle. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of skin incision using the carotid tubercle as a marker. METHODS: This study was retrospectively conducted on 114 patients who underwent anterior cervical surgery by the same surgeon from April 2004 to June 2012. The rate of the appropriate insertion of K-wire, which was inserted into the disc after anterior approach, into the surgery segment was compared between 62 patients where skin incision site was identified using C-arm fluoroscopy before skin incision and 52 patients where skin incision site was identified using carotid tubercle palpitation before surgery. RESULTS: The needle was shown to have been inserted into the planned site in 106 patients out of the total 114 patients. The appropriate insertion of the needle was shown in 59 patients of group I (95.2%) and in 47 patients of group II (90.4%). Although the success rate was higher in group I than group II, it was statistically insignificant. The success rate of one-segment surgery was shown to be 89.7% in group I and 82.6% in group II. Although the success rate was higher in group I than group II, it was statistically insignificant. The success rate of two-segment surgery was shown to be 100% in group I, and 96.4% in group II due to one case of the failure at C3-4 and C5-6. The success rate of three- and four-segment surgeries was shown to be 100% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of skin incision site via carotid tubercle palpation was useful for surgeries involving two or more segments. Furthermore, it could be useful for one-segment surgery if surgical site is identified using vertebral body or soft tissues such as longus collis rather than insertion into the disc.

Sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular crônica / Sensibilidad dolorosa a la palpación en pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular crónica / Painful sensitivity to palpation in patients presenting with chronic temporomandibular dysfunction

Cefaléias primárias estão freqüentemente relacionadas à disfunção temporomandibular, sendo o aumento da sensibilidade dolorosa um achado comum nesses pacientes. Este estudo propôs investigar a sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular crônica, comparando grupos com presença ou ausência de cefaléias primárias. A disfunção temporomandibular e o tipo de cefaléia primária foram diagnosticados, respectivamente por meio dos critérios de diagnóstico para pesquisa das desordens temporomandibulares e por um questionário baseado na Classificação Internacional de Cefaléias (2004). A localização, avaliação e o agrupamento dos sítios musculares e articulares para palpação foram realizados segundo os critérios de diagnóstico para pesquisa das desordens temporomandibulares, considerando-se o temporal, masseter, articulação temporomandibular e sítios cervicais bilateralmente. A amostra foi composta por 213 (88,0 por cento) mulheres e 29 (12,0 por cento) homens, com faixa etária média de 37,41 anos. As médias do número de sítios positivos à palpação nos grupos sem cefaléia, cefaléia do tipo tensional, migrânea e cefaléia crônica diária e foram respectivamente: 12,43; 14,38; 15,21 e 15,62 (p= 0,107) (mínima 2 e máxima 22). Apenas para os sítios do músculo temporal foi detectada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos de cefaléia quanto à sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação (p= 0,007). O número de sítios dolorosos não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos estudados e apenas o músculo temporal demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante quanto ao grau de dor à palpação(AU)

The cephalalgias are frequently associated with the temporomandibular disorders being common to find an increase of pain sensitivity in these patients. Thus, the objective of present study was to assess the sensitivity to palpation in patients presenting with chronic temporomandibular disorders comparing two groups one with headache and other without it, respectively. The temporomandibular disorders and the primary cephalalgias were diagnosed according the Diagnostic Criteria for the Research of Temporomandibular Disorders and by a questionnaire based on the International Classification of the Cephalalgias (2004). Location, assessment and grouping of muscular and articular areas for palpation were carried out according to the Diagnostic Criteria for above mentioned disorders, considering bilaterally the masseter muscle, the temporalis muscle, the cervical region and the temporomandibular joint. Sample included 213 (88.0 percent) of women and 29 (12.0 percent) men with a mean age of 37.41 years. The mean of number of zones positive to palpation in the groups without headaches, tension headache, migraine and daily chronic headache were: 12.43, 14.38, 15.21 and 15.62 (p= 0.107) (min 2 max 22). The areas of temporalis muscle showed significant differences among groups (p= 0.007). The number of painful points was not statistically different among groups and only in the temporalis muscle there were differences with statistical significant to palpation(AU)

Las cefaleas están frecuentemente relacionadas con los trastornos temporomandibulares, por esta razón es común encontrar un aumento de sensibilidad al dolor en los pacientes que padecen dicha enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la sensibilidad a la palpación en pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares crónicos. Se realizó una comparación entre 2 grupos con cefalea y sin cefalea respectivamente. Los trastornos temporomandibulares y las cefaleas primarias, fueron diagnosticados mediante los criterios diagnósticos para la investigación de los trastornos temporomandibulares y por un cuestionario basado en la clasificación internacional de cefaleas en el año 2004. La localización, evaluación y agrupación de las áreas musculares y articulares para la palpación, se realizaron de acuerdo a los criterios diagnósticos para la investigación de los trastornos temporomandibulares, se tuvo en cuenta el músculo masetero, el temporal, la región cervical y la articulación temporomandibular bilateralmente. La muestra fue de 213 mujeres (88,0 por ciento) y 29 hombres (12,0 por ciento), con una media de edad de 37,41 años. La media del número de zonas positivas a la palpación en los grupos sin cefalea, dolor de cabeza de tipo tensional, migraña y cefalea crónica diaria fueron: 12,43; 14,38; 15,21; 15,62 y (p= 0,107) (mínimas 2 y máximas 22). Las áreas del músculo temporal demostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p= 0,007). El número de puntos dolorosos no fue estadísticamente diferente entre los grupos y solo en el músculo temporal se observó diferencias estadísticamente significativas a la palpación(AU)

Adenoma pleomórfico de la mama: reporte de un caso / Pleomorphic adenoma of the breast: a case report

El adenoma pleomórfico es el tumor más frecuente de las glándulas salivales. De manera infrecuente se localiza en la mama. Para el año 2006 solo se habían publicado 69 casos en la literatura mundial. Es por esto que presentamos un caso de adenoma pleomórfico de la mama en una mujer de 81 años, la cual presentaba una lesión palpable en la mama derecha de crecimiento progresivo. Mamográficamente se trataba de una lesión nodular de bordes bien definidos con calcificaciones gruesas en su interior. La biopsia con aguja gruesa reportó adenoma pleomórfico vs. carcinoma metaplásico con diferenciación condroide. Se realizó la resección local del tumor, demostrando la presencia de un adenoma pleomórfico en la histología definitiva.

The pleomorphic adenoma is the most common tumor type localized in the salivary gland and is rarely located in the breast. Until 2006, only 69 cases had been published in the world literature. That is why we present a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the breast in 81 years old woman, who had a palpable lesion in the right breast with progressive growth. Mammographically was a nodular lesion with well defined borders with coarse calcifications within. The core needle biopsy reported a pleomorphic adenoma vs. metaplastic carcinoma with a chondroid differentiation. We performed the local resection of the tumor, and we demonstrating the presence of a tumor histological report adenoma pleomorphic of the right breast.

Role of ultrasound in detection of metastatic neck nodes in patients with oral cancer.

Introduction: Head and neck cancer is one of the most physically and emotionally devastating cancers and often leaves the patient disabled and disfigured. The presence of cervical metastasis is one of the factorsthat influence the outcome of the patients. Cervical lymph node metastasis plays an essential role in the treatment and prognosis of head and neck cancer patients. The assessment of the cervical lymph node status still remains an unsolved problem. We conducted a study to compare the diagnostic accuracy of clinical palpation and ultrasonogram (USG) in the detection of metastatic cervical nodes from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Materials and Methods: Ten patients (age range, 45-63 years; mean age, 54 years) with squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region underwent clinical palpation and USG. The results of each modality were analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positi ve predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy. Pathologic analysis of the surgical resection served as the reference standard. Results: USG yielded a sensitivity, specificity, positive, negative predictive value and accuracy as 85.7%, 90%, 92.3%, 81.8% and 87.5% whereas clinical palpation yielded a sensitivity, specificity, positive, negative predictive value and accuracy as 68.7%, 87.5%, 91.6%, 58.3% and 75%. Conclusion: USG is a reliable and valuable tool for metastatic lymph node screening in head and neck cancer patients. It is a cheap, noninvasive, easy-to-handle and cost-effective diagnostic method. USG performed better than clinical palpation in detecting cervical metastatic nodes.

Tumor mucinoso limítrofe paratesticular y carcinoma mucinoso: de retroperitoneo: a propósito de un caso / Mucinous limit tumor par testicular: of retro peritoneum: a purpose of a case

Los tumores testiculares y paratesticulares del tipo epiteliales son raros. Existe poca preferencia en la literatura de la variedad mucinosa. Se plantea controversia en la histogénesis debido a su asociación con teratomas, y establecer origen germinal. Se presenta el caso de paciente masculino de 38 años con clínica de dolor lumbar, masa abdominal palpable, aumento de volumen testicular izquierdo de 2 años de evolución. Se le practicó orquidectomía izquierda con hallazgo de tumor quístico de 7 cm x 6 cm x 3,5 cm, de contenido mucoide; se reportó como tumor mucinoso de bajo grado de malignidad para testicular (limítrofe). En vista de síntomas abdominales compresivos, se realiza laparotomía exploradora, encontrándose tumor lobulado de 21 cm x 19 cm x 12 cm en el retroperitoneo, que correspondió a carcinoma mucinoso variedad intestinal desarrollado en teratoma quístico maduro. Se concluyó que ambos tumores no guardaban relación entre sí, se consideraron sincrónicos.

Testicular and par testicular tumors of type epithelial are rare. There is little reference in literature of mucinous variety; the vast majorities are serous. In this article we discussed the case of 38 year old male who presented with a two year history of left low quadrant pain, abdominal mass and enlarged left testicle. Left orchiectomy was performed finding a mucoid cystic tumor, measuring 7 cm x 6 cm x 3.5 cm which was reported as a low grade malignancy par testicular mucinous (tumor Borderline). Consequently, since compressive symptoms persisted,the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy. A lobular tumor measuring 21 cm x 19 cm x 12 cm was found in the retroperitoneum. It corresponded to mucinous carcinoma of the intestinal variety within a mature cystic teratoma. Based on these findings and after reviewing the literature it was concluded that both tumors were independent from each other, considering them synchronous tumors.

A administração de hCG incrementa a incidência de ovulações duplas e múltiplas em éguas da raça Campolina apresentando folículos codominantes? / Does hCG administration increase the incidence of double and multiple ovulations in Campolina mares with co-dominant follicles?

A gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG) é rotineiramente empregada na indução de ovulação em éguas. A incidência de duplas ovulações é variável, sendo comum em determinadas raças brasileiras, como Brasileiro de Hipismo e Campolina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se a administração de hCG em éguas da raça Campolina incrementa a incidência de ovulações duplas e múltiplas. Através de palpação retal e ultrassonografia, foram avaliados dois ciclos estrais de 104 éguas, divididas em dois grupos. À detecção de um ou mais folículos ³35 mm e edema endometrial grau 2, 2.500 IU de hCG (IV) eram administrados às éguas do grupo I. O grupo II serviu como controle. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados pelo Qui-quadrado. A incidência de ovulações duplas nos grupos I e II foi de, respectivamente, 32,7% (34/104) versus 30,8% (32/ 104). Ambos os grupos obtiveram incidência semelhante de ovulações triplas (1,9% - 2/104). Apenas uma ovulação quádrupla (1,0% - 1/104) foi detectada, no grupo controle. A incidência de duplas e múltiplas ovulações foi similar entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Pelo fato das éguas da raça Campolina apresentarem, fisiologicamente, considerável incidência de ovulações duplas e múltiplas, é possível que a administração de hCG não tenha influenciado estes padrões ovulatórios.

The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has been routinely used in the equine species to induce ovulations for more than four decades. The incidence of multiple ovulations in horses is variable, being double ovulations a common occurrence in some Brazilian breeds, such as Brasileiro de Hipismo and Campolina. The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of hCG administration to increase, in Campolina mares, the incidence of double and multiple ovulations, which are desirable in embryo transfer programs. One hundred and four (104) mares had their estrous cycles recorded through rectal palpation and ultrasonographic evaluation during the breeding season of 2003 - 2004, in a total of two hundred and eight (208) cycles (two cycles per mare). Animals were allocated in two groups, with fifty two (52) horses each. In Group I mares, once one or more = 35 mm follicles and grade 2 uterine edema were present, 2.500 IU of hCG were intravenously administered. The untreated mares in Group II served as control. The Chi-Square test was used to analyze obtained results. The incidence of double ovulations in groups I and II was, respectively, of 32.7% (34/104) versus 30.8% (32/104). The incidence of triple ovulations was low in both groups, of 1.9% (2/104). Only once in the control group (1.0% - 1/104) was a quadruple ovulation detected. There was no difference in the incidence of double and multiple ovulations between both groups (p > 0.05). Possibly, hCG administration did not influence ovulation patterns in this work due to the fact that Campolina breed mares physiologically show a considerable incidence of double and multiple ovulations.

Prevalence of pain on palpation of the inferior pole of the patella among patients with complaints of knee pain

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Patellar tendinopathy is a common condition in sports. It may occur at any location of the patellar tendon, but the most commonly affected area is the inferior pole of the patella. Among various diagnostic tests, the one most used is palpation of the inferior pole of the patella. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pain complaints among individuals with pathological knee conditions and to evaluate palpation of the inferior pole of the patella as a diagnostic test for patellar tendinopathy. METHODS: Palpation of the patellar tendon was performed on 318 individuals who presented with knee-related complaints. Palpation was performed with the individual in the supine position and the knee extended. The age, gender, physical activity and labor activity of each individual were recorded at the time the symptoms appeared; the diagnosis was also recorded. RESULTS: Of the total number of individuals evaluated, 124 (39 percent) felt pain on palpation of the inferior pole of the patella. Of these, only 40 (32.3 percent) received a diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy. We did not observe any difference with respect to gender and age distribution. When evaluating daily physical activity levels, however, we observed that individuals with pain on palpation of the inferior pole of the patella experienced more intense physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Palpation of the inferior pole of the patella is a diagnostic procedure with high sensitivity and moderate specificity for diagnosing patellar tendinopathy, especially among individuals who perform activities with high functional demands.

Importance of Fine Needle Aspirationin Evaluation of Single Nodular Goiter

Background:Improvements in the sensitivity and specificity of biochemical thyroid tests; as well as the development of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) and improved cytological techniques; have dramatically impacted clinical strategies for detecting and treating thyroid disorders.Fine needle aspiration is a safe and relatively painless procedure where a hypodermic needle passed into the lump and samples of tissue taken out.This procedure will provide us with more information about the nature of the lump; and especially differentiate between a benign and malignant mass.Objectives: The current prospective study designed to evaluate the sensitivity; specificity andaccuracy of FNA. The study was performed in the regional major hospital; Khartoum; Sudan.Patients and methods: A thousand and three hundred thirty one patients who underwent thyroid surgery 'between' January 2004 to June 2007 were enrolled.Results: 247 (18.3) had single nodular goiter. The incidence of benign and malignant lesions in single nodular goiter were 204 (87.6) and 29 (12.4) respectively.The overall sensitivity; specificity and accuracy of FNA were 95.5; 99.5and 99.4respectively.Conclusion: Also there is correlation between the nodule size and the result of FNA; as the nodular size increase there is increase of the probability of malignant changes. So; solitary or dominant nodules 7 1cm in diameter might be evaluated by FNA

Accuracy of triple test score in the diagnosis of palpable breast lump.

Breast lump is a very sensitive issue for the patient so a reliable, non invasive and prompt diagnosis helps to lessen the associated anxiety and leads to early definitive treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Triple Test Score (TTS) as a clinical tool for the diagnosis of a palpable breast lump. This diagnostic test study was carried out in the Department of Surgery of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. Of the 117 patients admitted with breast diseases from the breast clinic over thirteen months, 87 had breast lump. Fifty patients underwent Triple Test Score ( physical examination, mammography and fine needle aspiration cytology) and were categorized into benign, suspicious and malignant. This was later correlated with the histopathological findings. Nineteen patients with breast lumps interpreted by TTS as benign correlated with the histopathological findings whereas of 31 malignant lumps, 30 turned out to be malignant and one benign. This gives TTS an over all accuracy of 98% with 100% sensitivity, 95.2% specificity and positive predictive value of 96.7%. Carcinoma was seen in 29 (58%) cases in the age group of 35 to 70 years. The mean age at diagnosis of benign and malignant disease was 41.8 and 45.1 years respectively. In conclusion, TTS is an accurate and least invasive diagnostic test based on which definitive treatment can be initiated.

Disfunción craneomandibular: frecuencia y formas de presentación en una población de trescientos adultos jóvenes y su demanda de atención / Carniomandibular dysfunction: frequency and forms of presentation in a three-hundred adult population and its care demand

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de signos y síntomas de disfunción craneomandibular (DCM) y la demanda y necesidad de tratamiento en una muestra de 300 estudiantes adultos jóvenes con una edad promedio de 26.9, con una distribución por sexo del 68.5 por ciento de hombres y 79,7 por ciento de mujeres. Se utilizó el protocolo de Fricton para organizar la data, generándose 4 índices según áreas observadas: dolor a la palpación muscular articular, limitación y dolor en los movimientos mandibulares y ruidos articulares. Se observaron además algunas características oclusales y otros síntomas que comúnmente acompañan a la DCM, para establecer su posible asociación. Resultados: se observó una alta frecuencia de signos y síntomas que alcanzó el 75.7 por ciento de la muestra, pero en sólo el 3,3 por ciento presentó DCM severa. El dolor a la palpación muscular alcanzó el 41,3 por ciento de la muestra, en la ATM al 24.7 por ciento, el chasquido al 27 por ciento y la limitación en la movilidad mandibular el 24,3 por ciento. La necesidad y demanda de tratamiento fueron escasas, alcanzando el 7 y 6.7 por ciento, respectivamente. Los factores oclusales comparados no fueron estadísticamente significativos asociados a la DCM. Por el contrario, el bruxismo, las cefaleas, el tinnitus, el vértigo, la fatiga mandibular y la hipermovilidad articular sistémica (HAS) estuvieron asociados a la DCM significativamente (P=0,001 a 0,047), no así la hipoacusia. Conclusión: la frecuencia de signos y síntomas de DCM fue muy alta. Sin embargo, sólo el 3,3 por ciento de la muestra presentó sintomatología severa y por lo tanto, la necesidad y demanda de atención alcanzaron un bajo porcentaje de los encuestados. De los resultados obtenidos en este estudio se observa un alto factor de riesgo para el sexo femenino y la DCM. Como en la mayor parte de los trabajos publicados últimamente, la asociación de factores oclusales y la DC no es significativa.

Evaluación de la tiroides por palpación, su asociación con la ultrasonografía en mujeres en edad fértil, residentes de gran altitud: validación como un test diagnóstico / Evaluation of the thyroid by palpation, its association with ultrasonography in women of childbearing age, residents of high altitude: validation as a diagnostic test

Existen pocos estudios a gran altitud relativos a la validez del método palpario de Perez para identificar bocio en mujeres en edad fértil. Pregunta de investigación: cuales son los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y los valores predictivos de la palpación de la glándula tiroides para detectar el bocio en mujeres en edad fértil residentes de gran altitud?. Objetivo: determinar los valores del test diagnóstico palpación de la glandula tiroides frente a un gold estándar comola ultrasonografía de la tiroides. Diseño: test diagnóstico. Lugar y pacientes. gran actitud , en la Facultad de Medicina 177 mujeres en edad fértil. Material y métodos: se seleccionaron mujeres con criterios de elegibilidad. Se cálculo el tamaño muestral para las con bocio y las sin bocio, definidas por palpación de tiroides y de acuerdo a criterios OMS de 1960. Se evalúo por palpación y ultrasonografía la glandula y se realizó un cuestionario de tipo clínico

Pesquisa de cáncer de próstata en dos localidades rurales / Prostatic cancer screening in rural setting

Para pesquisar y fomentar la prevención del cáncer de próstata en una población rural, se realizó un tamizado consistente en: encuesta sobre síntomas urológicos, tacto rectal (TR) y medición de antígeno prostático específico (APE). Se estudiaron 39 voluntarios, con consentimiento informado, mayores de 40 años y concentrados entre 50 y 65 años. En la encuesta se aplicó el algoritmo de manejo en atención primaria del MINSAL. Nueve tenían antecedentes familiares de patología prostática (uno, de cáncer). Veintinueve refirieron al menos un síntoma urinario, siendo 10 asintomáticos y 11 con tacto rectal alterado. Dos valores del APE estuvieron sobre el nivel de corte ( 4 ng/ml). Los valores del APE en su mayoría resultaron normales, lo que era esperable en un grupo con pocos factores de riesgo, resultando alterados solo 2. Se considera que el cáncer de próstata debe ser abordado como un problema de salud pública de manera activa, implementando las pruebas de pesquisa precoz, junto con el correcto adiestramiento de los médicos generales o de familia, que les permita discriminar al examen digital rectal, los casos en los que la glándula presenta características sugerentes de una neoplasia.

Avaliacão do sinal de dor à compressão do globo ocular nas síndromes meníngeas infecciosas / Evaluation of the ocular globe compression sign in infectious meningeal syndromes

As síndromes meníngeas infecciosas se constituem em emergência médica, cujo diagnóstico clínico-epidemiológico deve ser prontamente estabelecido para início precoce da terapêutica adequada. Entretanto, em muitos casos os dados clínicos não são suficientes para se confirmar ou afastar esse diagnóstico. Por isso, o objetivo de avaliar o sinal de dor à compressão do globo ocular em 57 pacientes com suspeita de síndrome meníngea infecciosa, de ambos os sexos e com idade igual ou superior a quatro anos. A sensibilidade (34,5 por cento), especificidade (78,6 por cento) e valores preditivos positivo (62,5 por cento) e negativo (53,7 por cento) da dor à compressão do globo ocular foram semelhantes à rigidez de nuca, sendo boa (Kappa=0,65) a concordância entre os dois observadores independentes. A dor à compressão do globo ocular, em conjunto com outros achados clínicos, pode ser de grande valia no processo diagnóstico de pacientes com síndromes meníngeas infeciosas.

Exame dos pulmões / Lung examination

O exame físico do tórax é realizado em duas etapa diferentes: o exame dos pulmões e do precórdio. O exame do aparelho respiratório ou dos pulmões compreende quatro etapas: inspeção, palpação, percussão e ausculta. A inspeção é didaticamente divivida em inspeção estática e dinâmica. A etapa seguinte (palpação) é o exame físico do aparelho respiratório, o qual inclui o frêmito toracovocal, a elasticidade torácica, além da palpação de elementos constituintes da parede toráxica. A técnica de percussão deverá ser aprendida e desenvolvida (treinada) de maneira exaustiva. O método recomendado é de percussão dígito-digital. A ausculta é a principal etapa do exame físico e nunca deveremos subjugá-la, nem dela prescindir. Deve-se realizar uma ausculta comparativa, não esquecendo de auscultar as regiões anterior, posterior e lateral. O paciente deve estar sentado para a realização desta parte do exame

Eficacia del ultrasonido intraoperatorio en el tratamiento quirúrgico de lesiones mamarias / Efficacy of intraoperative ultrasound in the surgical treatment of breast lesions

Demostrar en forma prospectiva la eficacia del ultrasonido intraoperatorio efectuado por el cirujano para localizar lesiones subclínicas de la mama o poco delimitadas a la palpación, tanto benigna como maligna, realizar su extirpación y además, en las malignas, palpables o no lograr tumorectomía con márgenes libres. Veintiuna lesiones mamarias, de las cuáles 80,9 por ciento (17/21) fueron subclínicas, se extirparon bajo guía ultrasonográfica intraoperatoria realizada por el cirujano. Se evaluó con ultrasonido ex vivo la completa excisión de las lesiones; así como la presencia de márgenes negativos en los casos malignos. En este último grupo se realizó además, comprobación intraoperatoria mediante impronta de bordes de resección. A todas las lesiones se le practicaron estudios anatopatológicos definitivos. Quirófano del Centro Clínico Familia. El ultrasonido intraoperatorio localizó 100 por ciento de las lesiones. Todos los cánceres subclínicos que representaron 29 por ciento de la muestra y los palpables, fueron extirpados con márgenes adecuados sin necesidad de re-excisiones. Tanto las lesiones benignas de riesgo; hiperplasia ductal atípica, adenosis esclerosante y papiloma intraquístico (29 por ciento) como las lesiones benignas sin riesgo: fibroadenoma, adenosis microglandular y fibrosis (33 por ciento), fueron eficazmente extirpadas. El ultrasonido intraoperatorio tanto en la localización de lesiones mamarias, especialmente subclínicas, como su exéresis eficaz es un método preciso y eficiente. Las ventajas son: mayor comodidad para la paciente, elimina las complicaciones de las localizaciones preoperatorias, menor costo, simplifica el acto operatorio y en los casos malignos provee adecuados márgenes de resección.